Peace of Westphalia : Treaty of Munster

The Peace of Westphalia was the treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in Europe. The treaty was signed October 24, 1648, and meant an end to the long conflict between Catholic and Protestant forces.

The peace negotiations were after initial talks held in the cities of Münster and Osnabrück, an alternative favoured by Sweden (Hamburg and Cologne being the French alternatives). The two locations were needed as the Protestant and Catholic leaders refused to meet each other. The Treaty of the Pyrennes[?] ending the war between France and Spain is also often considered part of the treaty.

The results of the treaty were wide ranging. Among other things, the Netherlands gained independence from Spain, ending the Eighty Years' War, and Sweden gained Pomerania, Wismar and Bremen-Verden. The power of the Holy Roman Emperor was broken, and the rulers of the German states were again able to determine the religion of their lands. The treaty also gave Calvinists legal recognition. Three new great Powers arose from this peace: Sweden, the United Netherlands and France. Sweden's time as a Great Power was to be short lived, however.

The majority of the treaty can be attributed to the work of Cardinal Mazarin who was de facto leader of France at the time. France came out of the war in a far better position than any other Power and was able to dictate much of the treaty.

It is often said that the Peace of Westphalia initiated the modern fashion of diplomacy as it marked the beginning of the modern system of nation-states. Subsequent wars were not about reasons of religion, but rather focused on reasons of state. This allowed Catholic and Protestant Powers to ally, leading to a number of major realignments.

Another important result of the treaty was it laid rest to the idea of the Holy Roman Empire having secular dominion over the entire Christian world. The nation-state would be the highest level of governement, subservient to no others.

See also: History of Sweden 1648-1700

Common misspelling and questions (FAQ)

reaty-of-munster  teaty-of-munster  traty-of-munster  trety-of-munster  treay-of-munster  treat-of-munster  treatyof-munster  treaty-f-munster  treaty-o-munster  treaty-ofmunster  treaty-of-unster  treaty-of-mnster  treaty-of-muster  treaty-of-munter  treaty-of-munser  treaty-of-munstr  treaty-of-munste  rteaty-of-munster  teraty-of-munster  traety-of-munster  tretay-of-munster  treayt-of-munster  treat-yof-munster  treatyo-f-munster  treaty-fo-munster  treaty-o-fmunster  treaty-ofm-unster  treaty-of-umnster  treaty-of-mnuster  treaty-of-musnter  treaty-of-muntser  treaty-of-munsetr  treaty-of-munstre  treaty-of-munste  ttreaty-of-munster  trreaty-of-munster  treeaty-of-munster  treaaty-of-munster  treatty-of-munster  treatyy-of-munster  treaty--of-munster  treaty-oof-munster  treaty-off-munster  treaty-of--munster  treaty-of-mmunster  treaty-of-muunster  treaty-of-munnster  treaty-of-munsster  treaty-of-munstter  treaty-of-munsteer  treaty-of-munsterr  5reaty-of-munster  rreaty-of-munster  freaty-of-munster  6reaty-of-munster  greaty-of-munster  6reaty-of-munster  yreaty-of-munster  greaty-of-munster  t4eaty-of-munster  teeaty-of-munster  tdeaty-of-munster  t5eaty-of-munster  tfeaty-of-munster  t5eaty-of-munster  tteaty-of-munster  tfeaty-of-munster  tr3aty-of-munster  trwaty-of-munster  trsaty-of-munster  tr4aty-of-munster  trdaty-of-munster  tr4aty-of-munster  trraty-of-munster  trdaty-of-munster  treqty-of-munster  trewty-of-munster  trezty-of-munster  trewty-of-munster  tresty-of-munster  trezty-of-munster  trea5y-of-munster  treary-of-munster  treafy-of-munster  trea6y-of-munster  treagy-of-munster  trea6y-of-munster  treayy-of-munster  treagy-of-munster  treat6-of-munster  treatt-of-munster  treatg-of-munster  treat7-of-munster  treath-of-munster  treat7-of-munster  treatu-of-munster  treath-of-munster  treaty0of-munster  treatypof-munster  treaty[of-munster  treaty-9f-munster  treaty-if-munster  treaty-kf-munster  treaty-0f-munster  treaty-lf-munster  treaty-0f-munster  treaty-pf-munster  treaty-lf-munster  treaty-or-munster  treaty-od-munster  treaty-oc-munster  treaty-ot-munster  treaty-ov-munster  treaty-ot-munster  treaty-og-munster  treaty-ov-munster  treaty-of0munster  treaty-ofpmunster  treaty-of[munster  treaty-of-junster  treaty-of-nunster  treaty-of-kunster  treaty-of-kunster  treaty-of-,unster  treaty-of-m7nster  treaty-of-mynster  treaty-of-mhnster  treaty-of-m8nster  treaty-of-mjnster  treaty-of-m8nster  treaty-of-minster  treaty-of-mjnster  treaty-of-muhster  treaty-of-mubster  treaty-of-mujster  treaty-of-mujster  treaty-of-mumster  treaty-of-munwter  treaty-of-munater  treaty-of-munzter  treaty-of-muneter  treaty-of-munxter  treaty-of-muneter  treaty-of-mundter  treaty-of-munxter  treaty-of-muns5er  treaty-of-munsrer  treaty-of-munsfer  treaty-of-muns6er  treaty-of-munsger  treaty-of-muns6er  treaty-of-munsyer  treaty-of-munsger  treaty-of-munst3r  treaty-of-munstwr  treaty-of-munstsr  treaty-of-munst4r  treaty-of-munstdr  treaty-of-munst4r  treaty-of-munstrr  treaty-of-munstdr  treaty-of-munste4  treaty-of-munstee  treaty-of-munsted  treaty-of-munste5  treaty-of-munstef  treaty-of-munste5  treaty-of-munstet  treaty-of-munstef  treaty-of-munstah  traety-of-munster  yreaty-of-munster  tyreaty-of-munster  treaty-of-munsters 


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