In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) (literally, "in glass fertilisation") is a technique whereby egg cells are fertilised outside the mother's body due to conception being impossible by normal intercourse.
The technique was developed in the UK by Doctors Patrick Steptoe and Robert Edwards, and the first 'test-tube' baby was born as a result in 1978. The first successful IVF treatment in the US took place in 1981, and there have been 45,000 babies born with the aid of IVF treatment since then. In brief, the process involves removing ova (eggs) from the woman's body and letting sperm fertilise them in a fluid medium. The fertilised eggs are then transferred to the mother's uterus where normal development occurs. IVF is used commonly when the father's sperm count is low or the woman's fallopian tubes are blocked.
Technique
Ovulation induction agents, such as Pergonal[?] are usually given to the mother 8-10 days before treatment, as they allow larger numbers of eggs to be recovered, improving the chances of a successful fertilisation. Before the development of such drugs few eggs would be retrieved because it required careful monitoring of the mother's 'LH surge' in order to recover eggs at the right time. This also often resulted in the performing of egg retrievals in the early morning or night time because of the unpredictability of such an occurrence. As well as 'superovulation' inducing drugs, gonadotropin releasing hormone agonosts carefully control the timing of retrieval by preventing any unexpected LH surges.
The eggs can be retrieved from the mother using two techniques: sonographic[?] or laparoscopic egg recovery. The more common sonographic technique involves an ultra-sound guided needle piercing the vagina. The follicles[?] of the woman are punctured and the woman's follicular fluid is removed and placed in an incubator. Laparocopic egg recovery involves retrieval through an incision in the abdomen. This is used in women who also require a simultaneous assessment of their pelvic anatomy through a diagnostic laparoscopy.
Semen is also taken from the husband. It can be analysed using 'sperm penetration assays', where some sperm is checked to see whether it can puncture a zone-stripped hamster egg. The sperm can also be cultured to detect bacteria which can reduce the chances of pregnancy.
The sperm and the egg are incubated together (at a ratio of about 75,000:1) in the culture[?] media for about 18 hours. The eggs and sperm should fertilise in the usual way in this media (see fertilisation), but if this isn't possible, assisted fertilisation techniques -- such as injecting the sperm directly into the egg using intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) techniques (see below) -- may be used. They are then passed to a special growth medium and left for 40 hours until the eggs have become pre-embryos.
The fertilised eggs are transferred to the woman's uterus through a thin, plastic catheter[?], which passes through her vagina and cervical canal. Often, multiple embryos[?] are passed in to the uterus to improve chances of successful pregnancy. If this procedure is unsuccessful, the mother has to be given one month for recovery before the IVF egg-extraction procedure is repeated. This may be avoided by freezing embryos in liquid nitrogen when they are fertilised, and transferring them during the natural ovulation cycle[?] again.
The mother has to wait two weeks before she returns to the clinic for the pregnancy test. During this time she can boost the chances of pregnancy by continuing to take progesterone - which keeps the uterus lining thickened and suitable for implantation[?] to occur. The chances of a successful pregnancy is approximately 20 per cent for each IVF cycle.
Developments
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is a recent development associated with IVF which allows the sperm to be directly injected in to the egg. This is used for sperm which has problems penetrating the egg and results in success rates equal to or higher than normal fertilisation.
Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer[?] (GIFT) is a similar procedure to IVF, which place harvested eggs and sperm straight in to the fallopian tubes where it is hoped they will fertilise naturally.
Ethics
Certain ethical problems have been raised primarily due to technology being developed which has enabled the extracted embryos to be frozen. This was widely publicised when a Californian couple died in a plane crash without leaving instructions on what to do with the frozen embryos they had left in an Australian clinic. This situation has been largely solved by consent agreements given by couples before they undergo the procedure.
The use of frozen embryos that are no longer needed by the mother for research (for example stem cell research) is a hotly contested issue. A lot of the problem for some people is due to the embryos being destroyed during the course of research. Some groups protest that these embryos have the right to life, whereas other scientists reply that they would have been destroyed anyway.
Another problem brought up by the use of IVF is the unconcentional possibilities regarding who uses the technique. In 2001, French woman received worldwide publicity when she posed as the wife of her brother in order to give birth to a donor egg fertilised by his sperm. Some saw this as a form of incest; others thought it prove psychologically unhealthy for the child when he learned how he was delivered; whereas other people simply couldn't see anything wrong with the situation.
The use of IVF provides a greater range of options for single people and same-sex couples wishing to have children. Although both groups already raise children, IVF makes the option much simpler and could make the option widespread. Some people object that this could give psychological problems to the child if they grow up without a mother/father role-model.
External Links
- http://www.inciid.org/ - Good source of information on IVF
- http://www.ivf-infertility.co.uk/ - Geared towards couples wanting IVF treatment
- See also: Pregnancy
Common misspelling and questions (FAQ)
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