Always put the following on top
As the reader can see, this page is the second longest wikipedian article. Any mistake can easily slip away from observation. So for a uniformity of convention, please also type the Chinese character or Pinyin or Zhuyin pronunciation with any romanization you have typed. Thanks very much.
Requested list of sovereigns
Sovereigns of:
- Bohai (渤海 bo2 hai3)
- Nanzhao (南詔 nan2 zhao4)
- Dali (大理 da4 li3)
- Huns or Xiongnu(匈奴 xiong1 nu2)
- Tibet or Tubo (吐蕃| tu3 fan1 sometimes pronounced as 吐播|tu bo1)
- Huihe(回紇 hui2 he2) or Uighurs
- Gokturks or 突厥 tu2 jue2
- Avars or Rouran 柔然 rou2 ran2.
Tables
Below is a list of Chinese sovereigns. Between the Qin and the Qing dynasty sovereigns who ruled an unified China were known as Emperor - huang di 皇帝 huang2 di4. Before the Qin, the title of a sovereign was wang 王 wang2 which is translated as king.
Only the most recognized posthumous or temple names were used for all tables of sovereigns and referencing. For example, many kings of the Ten Kingdoms in the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms had tiresome posthumous names consisted of 10 to 20 Chinese characters. Why bother quoting them while only clear referencing is needed.
| Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) |
|---|
| Convention: posthumous name |
| Note: 1) all dates are approximate until the Duumvirate when first accurate dating of Chinese history began. Refer to Zhou dynasty for more info. |
| Yu|禹 yu3 or Xia Yu|夏禹 xia4 yu3 or Da Yu|大禹 da4 yu3 |
| Qi|啟 qi3 |
| Tai Kang|太康 tai4 kang1 |
| Zhong Kang|仲康 zhong4 kang1 |
| Xiang|相 xiang4 |
| Shao Kang|少康 shao4 kang1 or Xia Shao Kang|夏少康 xia4 shao4 kang1 |
| Zhu|杼 zhu4 |
| Huai|槐 huai2 |
| Mang|芒 mang2 |
| Xie|泄 xie4 |
| Bu Jiang|不降 bu4 jiang4 |
| Jiong|扃 jiong1 |
| Jin|廑 ( Putonghua: jin3 or Guoyu: jin4 ) |
| Kong Jia|孔甲 kong3 jia3 |
| Gao|皋 gao1 |
| Fa|發 fa1 |
| Jie|桀 jie2 or Xia Jie|夏桀 xia4 jie2 or Luu Gui|履癸 luu3 gui3 |
| Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) |
|---|
| Convention: posthumous name |
| Note: 1) all dates are approximate until the Duumvirate when first accurate dating of Chinese history began. Refer to Zhou dynasty for more info. 2) Personal names of most of the Shang sovereigns were unknown. The following names were most likely posthumous owing to frequent appearances of the Heavenly Stems (Tian Gan|天干 tian1 gan1). |
| Tang|湯 tang1 or Shang Tang|商湯 shang1 tang1 |
| Wai Bing|外丙 wai4 bing3 |
| Zhong Ren|仲壬 zhong4 ren2 |
| Tai Jia|太甲 tai4 jia3 |
| Wo Ding|沃丁 wo4 ding1 |
| Tai Geng|太庚 tai4 geng1 |
| Xiao Jia|小甲 xiao3 jia3 |
| Yong Ji|雍己 yong1 ji3 |
| Tai Wu|太戊 tai4 wu4 |
| Zhong Ding|仲丁 zhong4 ding1 |
| Wai Ren|外壬 wai4 ren2 |
| He Dan Jia|河亶甲 he2 dan3 jia3 |
| Zu Yi|祖乙 zu3 yi3 |
| Zu Xin|祖辛 zu3 xin1 |
| Wo Jia|沃甲 wo4 jia3 |
| Zu Ding|祖丁 zu3 ding1 |
| Nan Geng|南庚 nan2 geng1 |
| Yang Jia|陽甲 yang2 jia3 |
| Note: As Shang finally settled down at Yin (殷 yin1). The period of Shang Dynasty starting from Pang Geng (盤庚 pang2 geng1) is also frequently referred to as the Yin Dynasty. |
| Pang Geng|盤庚 pang2 geng1 |
| Xiao Xin|小辛 xiao3 xin1 |
| Xiao Yi|小乙 xiao3 yi3 |
| Wu Ding|武丁 wu3 ding1 |
| Zu Geng|祖庚 zu3 geng1 |
| Zu Jia|祖甲 zu3 jia3 |
| Lin Xin|廩辛 lin3 xin1 |
| Kang Ding|康丁 kang1 ding1 |
| Wu Yi|武乙 wu3 yi3 |
| Tai Ding|太丁 tai4 ding1 or Wen Ding|文丁 wen2 ding1 |
| Di Yi|帝乙 di4 yi3 |
| Di Xin|帝辛 di4 xin1 or Zhou|紂 zhou4 or Zhou Xin|紂辛 zhou4 xin1 or Zhou Wang|紂王zhou4 wang2 |
| Note: King Zhou could also referred to as adding Shang (商 shang1) in front of any of his names. |
| Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns |
|---|---|---|
| Convention: "Zhou" + posthumous name | ||
| Note: all dates are approximate util the Duo when first accurate dating of Chinese history began. Refer to Zhou dynasty for more info. | ||
| Xi (Western) Zhou dynasty 1122 B.C.-771 B.C. | ||
| 武王 wu3 wang2[?] | Ji Fa|姬發 ji1 fa1 | 1122 B.C.-1116 B.C. |
| 成王 cheng2 wang2[?] | Ji Song|姬誦 ji1 song4 | 1115 B.C.-1079 B.C. |
| 康王 kang1 wang2[?] | Ji Zhao|姬釗 ji1 zhao1 | 1078 B.C.-1053 B.C. |
| 昭王 zhao1 wang2[?] | Ji Xia|姬瑕 ji1 xia2 | 1052 B.C.-1002 B.C. |
| 穆王 mo4 wang2[?] | Ji Man|姬滿 ji1 man3 | 1001 B.C.-947 B.C. |
| 共王 gong1 wang2[?] | Ji Yi-Hu|姬繄扈 ji1 yi1 hu4 | 946 B.C.-935 B.C. |
| 懿王 yi4 wang2[?] | Ji Jian|姬(喜replaces隹in 難) ji1 jian1 | 934 B.C.-910 B.C. |
| 孝王 xiao4 wang2[?] | Ji Man|姬辟方 ji1 pi4 fang1 | 909 B.C.-895 B.C. |
| 夷王 yi2 wang2[?] | Ji Xie|姬燮 ji1 xie4 | 894 B.C.-879 B.C. |
| 厲王 li4 wang2[?] | Ji Hu|姬胡 ji1 hu2 | 878 B.C.-841 B.C. |
| The Duumvirate 841 B.C.-828 B.C.[?] | ||
| 宣王 xuan1 wang2[?] | Ji Jing|姬靜 ji1 jing4 | 827 B.C.-782 B.C. |
| 幽王 you1 wang2[?] | Ji Gong Sheng|姬宮湦 ji1 gong1 sheng1 | 781 B.C.-771 B.C. |
| Dong (Eastern) Zhou dynasty 770 B.C.-256 B.C. | ||
| 平王 ping2 wang2[?] | Ji Yi Jiu|姬宜臼 ji1 yi2 jiu4 | 770 B.C.-720 B.C. |
| 桓王 huan2 wang2[?] | Ji Lin|姬林 ji1 lin2 | 719 B.C.-697 B.C. |
| 春秋時代 (chun1 qiu1 shi2 dai4) Spring and Autumn Period 722 B.C.-481 B.C. | ||
| 莊王 zhuang1 wang2[?] | Ji Tuo|姬佗 ji1 tuo2 | 696 B.C.-682 B.C. |
| Li Wang|釐王 li2 wang2 or Xi Wang|(僖 or 禧) 王 (xi1 or xi3) wang2 | Ji Hu Qi|姬胡齊 ji1 hu2 qi2 | 681 B.C.-677 B.C. |
| 惠王 hui4 wang2[?] | Ji Lang|姬閬 ji1 ( Guoyu: lang3 or Putonghua: lang4) | 676 B.C.-652 B.C. |
| 襄王 xiang1 wang2[?] | Ji Zheng|姬鄭 ji1 zheng4 | 651 B.C.-619 B.C. |
| 頃王 qing3 wang2[?] | Ji Ren Chen|姬壬臣 ji1 ren2 chen2 | 618 B.C.-613 B.C. |
| 匡王 kuang1 wang2[?] | Ji Ban|姬班 ji1 ban1 | 612 B.C.-607 B.C. |
| 定王 ding4 wang2[?] | Ji Yu|姬瑜 ji1 yu2 | 606 B.C.-586 B.C. |
| 簡王 jian3 wang2[?] | Ji Yi|姬夷 ji1 yi2 | 585 B.C.-572 B.C. |
| 靈王 ling2 wang2[?] | Ji Xie Xin|姬泄心 ji1 xie4 xin1 | 571 B.C.-545 B.C. |
| 景王 jing3 wang2[?] | Ji Gui|姬貴 ji1 gui4 | 544 B.C.-521 B.C. |
| 悼王 dao4 wang2[?] | Ji Meng|姬猛 ji1 meng3 | 520 B.C. |
| 敬王 jing4 wang2[?] | Ji Gai|姬丐 ji1 gai4 | 519 B.C.-476 B.C. |
| 元王 yuan2 wang2[?] | Ji Ren|姬仁 ji1 ren2 | 475 B.C.-469 B.C. |
| 貞定王 zhen1 ding4 wang2[?] | Ji Jie|姬介 ji1 jie4 | 468 B.C.-442 B.C. |
| 哀王 ai1 wang2[?] | Ji Qu Ji|姬去疾 ji1 qu4 ji2 | 441 B.C. |
| 思王 xi1 wang2[?] | Ji Shu|姬叔 ji1 shu2 | 441 B.C. |
| 考王 kao3 wang2[?] | Ji Wei|姬嵬 ji1 wei2 | 440 B.C.-426 B.C. |
| 威烈王 wei1 lie4 wang2[?] | Ji Wu|姬午 ji1 wu3 | 425 B.C.-402 B.C. |
| 戰國時代(zhan4 guo2 shi2 dai4) Period of the Warring states 403 B.C.-221 B.C. | ||
| 安王 an1 wang2[?] | Ji Jiao|姬驕 ji1 jiao1 | 401 B.C.-376 B.C. |
| 烈王 lie4 wang2[?] | Ji Xi|姬喜 ji1 xi3 | 375 B.C.-369 B.C. |
| 顯王 xian3 wang2[?] | Ji Bian|姬扁 ji1 bian3 | 368 B.C.-321 B.C. |
| 慎靚王 shen4 jing4 wang2[?] | Ji Ding|姬定 ji1 ding4 | 320 B.C.-315 B.C. |
| 赧王 nan3 wang2[?] | Ji Yan|姬延 ji1 yan2 | 314 B.C.-256 B.C. |
| 惠王 hui4 wang2[?] | ? | 255 B.C.-249 B.C. |
| Note: nobles of the Ji family proclaim Hui Wang as the succesor to the dynasty after Luoyang fell to Qin. However the resistance did not last long when Qin army advanced southwards. So Zhou Nan Wang was widely considered as the last emperor of Zhou. | ||
| Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns |
|---|---|---|
| Convention: "Qin" + posthumous name | ||
| Note: Qin Zhao Shang Wang (秦昭襄王 qin2 zhao1 xiang1 wang2) had already been ruling Qin for 51 years when Qin anniliated Zhou Dynasty; however the other six warring states were still independent regimes. Historiographers thus used the next year (the 52nd year of Qin Zhao Shang Wang) as the official continuation from Zhou Dynasty therefore so should we. Qin Shi Huang Di was the first Chinese sovereign proclaiming himself "Emperor". | ||
| Zhao Xiang Wang|昭襄王 zhao1 xiang1 wang2 | Ying Ze|嬴則 ying2 ze2 or Ying Ji|嬴稷 ying2 ji4 | 255 B.C.-250 B.C. |
| Xiao Wen Wang|孝文王 xiao4 wen2 wang2 | Ying Zhu|嬴柱 ying2 zhu4 | 250 B.C. |
| Zhuang Xiang Wang|莊襄王 zhuang1 xiang1 wang2 | Ying Zi Chu|嬴子楚 ying2 zi5 chu3 | 249 B.C.-247 B.C. |
| 始皇帝 shi3 huang2 di4 | Ying Zheng|嬴政 ying2 zheng4 | 246 B.C.-210 B.C. |
| Er Shi|二世 er4 shi4 | Ying Hu Hai|嬴胡亥 ying2 hu2 hai4 | 209 B.C.-207 B.C. |
| Zi Ying was often referred using personal name or Qin Wang Zi Ying (秦王子嬰 qin2 wang2 zi5 ying1) | ||
| Did not exist | Ying Zi Ying|嬴子嬰 ying2 zi5 ying1 | 207 B.C. |
| Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: "Han" + posthumous name | |||
| Western Han Dynasty 206 B.C.-9 AD | |||
| Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) | Liu Bang (劉邦 liu3 bang1) | 206 B.C.-195 B.C. | Did not exist |
| Hui Di (惠帝 hui4 di4)[?] | Liu Ying (劉盈 liu3 ying2) | 194 B.C.-188 B.C. | Did not exist |
| Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4) | Liu Gong|劉恭 liu3 gong1 | 188 B.C.-184 B.C. | Did not exist |
| Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4) | Liu Hong|劉弘 liu3 hong2 | 184 B.C.-180 B.C. | Did not exist |
| Wen Di (文帝 wen2 di4)[?] | Liu Heng (劉恆 liu3 heng2) | 179 B.C.-157 B.C. | Houyuan[?] (後元 hou4 yuan2) 163 B.C.-156 B.C. |
| Jing Di (景帝 jing3 di4)[?] | Liu Qi (劉啟 liu3 qi3) | 156 B.C.-141 B.C. | Chngyuan[?] (中元 zhong1 yuan2) 149 B.C.-143 B.C. Houyuan[?] (後元 hou4 yuan2) 143 B.C.-141 B.C. |
| Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4)[?] | Liu Che (劉徹 liu3 che4) | 140 B.C.- 87 B.C. | Jianyuan[?] (建元 jian4 yuan2) 140 B.C.-135 B.C. Yuanguang[?](元光 yuan2 guang1) 134 B.C.-129 B.C. Yuanshuo[?] (元朔 yuan2 shuo4) 128 B.C.-123 B.C. Yuanshou[?] (元狩 yuan2 shou4) 122 B.C.-117 B.C. Yuanding[?] (元鼎 yuan2 ding3) 116 B.C.-111 B.C. Yuanfeng[?] (元封 yuan2 feng1) 110 B.C.-105 B.C. Taichu[?] (太初 tai4 chu1) 104 B.C.-101 B.C. Tianhan[?] (天漢 tian1 han4) 100 B.C.-97 B.C. Taishi[?] (太始 tai4 shi3) 96 B.C.-93 B.C. Zhenghe[?] (征和 zheng1 he2) 92 B.C.-89 B.C. Houyuan[?] (後元 hou4 yuan2) 88 B.C.-87 B.C. |
| Zhao Di (昭帝 zhao1 di4)[?] | Liu Fu Ling (劉弗陵 liu3 fu2 ling2) | 86 B.C.- 74 B.C. | Shiyuan[?] (始元 shi3 yuan2) 86 B.C.-80 B.C. Yuanfeng[?] (元鳳 yuan2 feng4) 80 B.C.-75 B.C. Yuanping[?](元平 yuan2 ping2) 74 B.C. |
| Chang Yi Wang (昌邑王 chang1 yi2 wang2) | Liu He (劉賀 liu3 he4) | 74 B.C. | Yuanping[?](元平 yuan2 ping2) 74 B.C. |
| Xuan Di (宣帝 xuan1 di4)[?] | Liu Xun (劉詢 liu3 xun2) | 73 B.C.- 49 B.C. | Benshi[?] (本始 ben3 shi3) 73 B.C.-70 B.C. Dijie[?] (地節 di4 jie2) 69 B.C.-66 B.C. Yuankang[?] (元康 yuan2 kang1) 65 B.C.-61 B.C. Shenjue[?] (神爵 shen2 jue2) 61 B.C.-58 B.C. Wufeng[?] (五鳳 wu3 feng4) 57 B.C.-54 B.C. Ganlu[?] (甘露 gan1 lu4) 53 B.C.-50 B.C. Huanglong[?] (黃龍 hunag2 long2) 49 B.C. |
| Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4)[?] | Liu Shi (劉奭 liu3 shi4) | 48 B.C.- 33 B.C. | Chuyuan[?] (初元 chu1 yuan2) 48 B.C.-44 B.C. Yongguang[?] (永光 yong3 guang1) 43 B.C.-39 B.C. Jianzhao[?] (建昭 jian4 zhao1) 38 B.C.-34 B.C. Jingning[?] (竟寧 jing4 ning2) 33 B.C. |
| Cheng Di (成帝 cheng2 di4)[?] | Liu Ao (劉驁 liu3 ao2) | 32 B.C.-7 B.C. | Jianshi[?] (建始 jian4 shi3) 32 B.C.-28 B.C. Heping[?] (河平 he2 ping2) 28 B.C.-25 B.C. Yangshuo[?](陽朔 yang2 shuo4) 24 B.C.-21 B.C. Hongjia[?] (鴻嘉 hong2 jia1) 20 B.C.-17 B.C. Yongshi[?] (永始 yong3 shi3) 16 B.C.-13 B.C. Yuanyan[?] (元延 yuan2 yan2) 12 B.C.-9 B.C. Suihe[?] (綏和 sui1 he2) 8 B.C.-7 B.C. |
| Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 di4)[?] | Liu Xin (劉欣 liu3 xin1) | 6 B.C.-1 B.C. | Jianping[?] (建平 jian4 ping2) 6 B.C.-3 B.C. Yuanshou[?] (元壽 yuan2 shou4) 2 B.C.-1 B.C. |
| Ping Di (平帝 ping2 di4)[?] | Liu Kan (劉衎 liu3 kan4) | 1-5 | Yuanshi[?] (元始 yuan2 shi3) 1-5 |
| Ru Zi Ying (孺子嬰 ru2 zi5 ying1) | Liu Ying (劉嬰 liu3 ying1) | 6-8 | Jushe[?] (居攝 ju1 she4) 6- October 8 Chushi[?] (初始 chu1 shi3) November 8-December 8 |
| the Xin Dynasty[?] by Wang Mang[?] | 9-23 | Shijianguo[?] (始建國 shi3 jian4 guo1) 9- 13 Tianfeng[?] (天鳳 tian1 feng1) 14-19 Dihuang[?] (地皇 di4 huang2) 20-23 |
|
| Geng Shi Di (更始帝 gang4 shi3 di4)[?] | Liu Xuan (劉玄 liu3 xuan2) | 23-25 | Gengshi[?] (更始 geng4 shi3) 23-25 |
| Eastern Han Dynasty 25 AD - 220 AD | |||
| Guang Wu Di (光武帝 guang1 wu3 di4)[?] | Liu Xiu (劉秀 liu3 xiu4) | 25-57 | Jianwu[?] (建武 jian4 wu3) 25-56 Jianwuzhongyuan[?] (建武中元 jian4 wu3 zhong1 yuan2) 56-57 |
| Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4)[?] | Liu Zhuang (劉莊 liu3 zhuang1) | 58-75 | Yongping[?] (永平 yong3 ping2) 58-75 |
| Zhang Di (章帝 zhang1 di4)[?] | Liu Da (劉炟 liu3 da2) | 76-88 | Jianchu[?] (建初 jian4 chu1) 76-84 Yuanhe[?] (元和 yuan2 he2) 84-87 Zhanghe[?] (章和 zhang1 he2) 87-88 |
| He Di (和帝 he2 di4)[?] | Liu Zhao (劉肇 liu3 zhao4) | 89-105 | Yongyuan[?] (永元 yong3 yuan2) 89-105 Yuanxing[?] (元興 yuan2 xing1) 105 |
| Shang Di (殤帝 shang1 di4) | Liu Long (劉隆 liu3 long2) | 106 | Yanping (延平 yan2 ping2) 9 months in 106 |
| An Di (安帝 an1 di4)[?] | Liu Hu (劉祜 liu3 hu4) | 106-125 | Yongchu[?] (永初 yong3 chu1) 107-113 Yuanchu[?] (元初 yuan2 chu1) 114-120 Yongning[?](永寧 yong3 ning2) 120-121 Jianguang[?] (建光 jian4 guang1) 121-122 Yanguang[?] (延光 yan2 guang1) 122-125 |
| Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4) or Bei Xiang Hou (北鄉侯 bei3 xiang1 hou2)[?] | Liu Yi (劉懿 liu3 yi4) | 125 | Yanguang[?] (延光 yan2 guang1) 125 |
| Shun Di (順帝 shun4 di4)[?] | Liu Bao (劉保 liu3 bao2) | 125-144 | Yongjian (永建 yong3 jian4) 126-132 Yangjia (陽嘉 yang2 jia1) 132-135 Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 136-141 Hanan (漢安 han4 an1) 142-144 Jiankang (建康 jian4 kang1) 144 |
| Chong Di (沖帝 chong1 di4)[?] | Liu Bing (劉炳 liu3 bing3) | 144-145 | Yongxi (永熹 yong1 xi1) 145 |
| Zhi Di (質帝 zhi2 di4)[?] | Liu Zuan (劉纘 liu3 zuan3) | 145-146 | Benchu (本初 ben3 chu1) 146 |
| Huan Di (桓帝 huan2 di4)[?] | Liu Zhi (劉志 liu3 zhi3) | 146-168 | Jianhe (建和 jian4 he2) 147-149 Heping (和平 he2 ping2) 150 Yuanjia (元嘉 yuan2 jia1) 151-153 Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 153-154 Yongshou (永壽 yong3 shou4) 155-158 Yanxi (延熹 yan2 xi1) 158-167 Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 167 |
| Ling Di (靈帝 ling2 di4)[?] | Liu Hong (劉宏 liu2 hong2) | 168-189 | Jianning (建寧 jian4 ning2) 168-172 Xiping (熹平 xi1 ping2) 172-178 Guanghe (光和 guang1 he2) 178-184 Zhongping(中平 zhong1 ping2) 184-189 |
| Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4) or Hong Nong Wang (弘農王 hong2 nong2 wang2) | Liu Bian (劉辯 liu3 bian4) | 189 | Guangxi (光熹 guang1 xi1) 189 Zhaoning (昭寧 zhao1 ning2) 189 |
| Xian Di (獻帝 xian4 di4)[?] | Liu Xie (劉協 liu3 xie2) | 189-220 | Yonghan (永漢 yong3 han4) 189 Chuping (初平 chu1 ping2) 190-193 Xingping (興平 xing1 ping2) 194-195 Jianan (建安 jian4 an1) 196-220 Yankang (延康 yan2 kang1) 220 |
| Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wei 220-265 AD | |||
| Convention: "Wei" + posthumous name, sometimes except Cao Pi who was referred using personal names. | |||
| Wen Di (文帝 wen2 di4) | Cao Pi|曹丕 cao2 pi1 | 220-226 | Huangchu (黃初 huang2 chu1) 220-226 |
| Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4) | Cao Rui|曹叡 cao2 rui4 | 226-239 | Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 227-233 Qinglong (青龍 qing1 long2) 233-237 Jingchu (景初 jing3 chu1) 237-239 |
| Qi Wang (齊王 qi2 wang2) | Cao Fang|曹芳 cao2 fang1 | 239-254 | Zhengshi (正始 zheng4 shi3) 240-249 Jiaping (嘉平 jia1 ping2) 249-254 |
| Gao Gui Xiang Gong (高貴鄉公 gao1 gui4 xiang1 gong1) | Cao Mao|曹髦 cao2 mao2 | 254-260 | Zhengyuan (正元 zheng4 yuan2) 254-256 Ganlu (甘露 gan1 lu4) 256-260 |
| Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4) | Cao Huan|曹奐 cao2 huan4 | 260-265 | Jingyuan (景元 jing3 yuan2) 260-264 Xianxi (咸熙 xian2 xi1) 264-265 |
| Shu or Shu Han 221 - 263 | |||
| Convention: use personal name | |||
| Zhao Lie Di (昭烈帝 zhao1 lie4 di4) | 劉備 (liu2 bei4) | 221-223 | Zhangwu (章武 zhang1 wu3) 221-223 |
| Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | Liu Chan|劉禪 (liu2 xhan2) | 223-263 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 223-237 Yanxi (延熙 yan2 xi1) 238-257 Jingyao (景耀 jing3 yao4) 258-263 Yanxing (炎興 yan2 xing1) 263 |
| Wu 222-280 | |||
| Convention: use personal name | |||
| Da Di (大帝 da4 di4) | 孫權 sun1 quan2 | 222-252 | Huangwu (黃武 huang2 wu3) 222-229 Huanglong (黃龍 huang2 long2) 229-231 Jiahe (嘉禾 jia1 he2) 232-238 Chiwu (赤烏 chi4 wu1) 238-251 Taiyuan (太元 tai4 yuan2) 251-252 Shenfeng (神鳳 shen2 feng4) 252 |
| Kuai ji wang (會稽王 kuai4 ji1 wang2) | Sun Liang|孫亮 sun1 liang4 | 252-258 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 252-253 Wufeng (五鳳 wu3 feng4) 254-256 Taiping (太平 tai4 ping2) 256-258 |
| Jing Di (景帝 jing3 di4) | Sun Xiu|孫休 sun1 xiu1 | 258-264 | Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 258-264 |
| Wu Cheng Hou (烏程侯 wu1 cheng2 hou2) | Sun Hao|孫皓 sun1 hao4 | 264-280 | Yuanxing (元興 yuan2 xing1) 264-265 Ganlu (甘露 gan1 lu4) 265-266 Baoding (寶鼎 bao3 ding3) 266-269 Jianheng (建衡 jian4 heng2) 269-271 Fenghuang (鳳凰 feng4 huang2) 272-274 Tiance (天冊 tian1 ce4) 275-276 Tianxi (天璽 tian1 xi3) 276 Tianji (天紀 tian1 ji4) 277-280 |
| Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: "Jin" + posthumous name | |||
| Xi (Western) Jin Dynasty 265-317 | |||
| Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4) | Sima Yan|司馬炎 si1 ma3 yan2 | 265-290 | Taishi (泰始 tai4 shi3) 265-274 Xianning (咸寧 xian2 ning2)275-280 Taikang (太康 tai4 kang1) 280-289 Taixi (太熙 tai4 xi1) 290 |
| Hui Di (惠帝 hui4 di4) | Sima Zhong|司馬衷 si1 ma3 zhong1 | 290-306 | Yongxi (永熙 yong3 xi1) 290 Yongping (永平 yong3 ping) 291 Yuankang (元康 yuan2 kang1) 291-299 Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 300-301 Yongning (永寧 yong3 ning2) 301-302 Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 302-303 Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 304 Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 304 Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 304 Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 304-306 Guangxi (光熙 guang1 xi1) 306 |
| Huai Di (懷帝 huai2 di4) | Sima Chi|司馬熾 si1 ma3 chi4 | 307-311 | Yongjia (永嘉 yong3 jia1) 307-313 |
| Min Di (愍帝 min3 di4) | Sima Ye|司馬鄴 si1 ma3 ye4 | 313-317 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 313-317 |
| Dong (Eastern) Jin Dynasty[?] 317 AD - 420 AD | |||
| Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4) | Sima Rui|司馬睿 si1 ma3 rui4 | 317-322 | Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 317-318 Daxing (大興 da4 xing1) 318-321 Yongchang (永昌 yong3 chang3) 321-322 |
| Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4) | Sima Shao|司馬紹 si1 ma3 shao4 | 322-325 | Yongchang (永昌 yong3 chang3) 322-323 Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 323-325 |
| Cheng Di (成帝 cheng2 di4) | Sima Yan|司馬衍 si1 ma3 yan3 | 325-342 | Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 325 Xianhe (咸和 xian2 he2) 326-334 Xiankang (咸康 xian2 kang1) 335-342 |
| Kang Di (康帝 kang1 di4) | Sima Yue|司馬岳 si1 ma3 yue4 | 342-344 | Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 343-344 |
| Mu Di (穆帝 mu4 di4) | Sima Dan|司馬聃 si1 ma3 dan1 | 345-361 | Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 345-356 Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 357-361 |
| Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 di4) | Sima Pi|司馬丕 si1 ma3 pi1 | 361-365 | Longhe (隆和 long2 he2) 362-363 Xingning (興寧 xing1 ning2) 363-365 |
| Hai Xi Gong (海西公 hai3 xi1 gong1) | Sima Yi|司馬奕 si1 ma3 yi4 | 365-371 | Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 365-371 |
| Jian Wen Di (簡文帝 jian3 wen2 di4) | Sima Yu|司馬昱 si1 ma3 yu4 | 371-372 | Xianan (咸安 xian2 an1) 371-372 |
| Xiao Wu Di (孝武帝 xiao4 wu3 di4) | Sima Yao|司馬曜 si1 ma3 yao4 | 372-396 | Ningkang (寧康 ning2 kang1) 373-375 Taiyuan (太元 tai4 yuan2) 376-396 |
| An Di (安帝 an1 di4) | Sima De Zong|司馬德宗 si1 ma3 de2 zong1 | 396-418 | Longan (隆安 long2 an1) 397-401 Yuanxing (元興 yuan2 xing1) 402-404 Yixi (義熙 yi4 xi1) 405-418 |
| Gong Di (恭帝 gong1 di4) | Sima De Wen|司馬德文 si1 ma3 de2 wen2 | 419-420 | Yuanxi (元熙 yuan2 xi1) 419-420 |
| Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4) | Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: use personal name | ||||
| Han Zhao Empire 304-329 AD (addressed separately in traditional texts as Han Empire and Former Zhao Empire) | ||||
| Han Empire 304-318 | ||||
| Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) | Guang Wen Di (光文帝 guang1 wen2 di4) | Liu Yuan|劉淵 liu2 yuan1 | 304-310 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 304-308 Yongfeng (永鳳 yong3 feng4) 308-309 Herui (河瑞 he2 rui4) 309-310 |
| Did not exist | Liang Wang (梁王 liang2 wang2) | Liu He|劉和 liu2 he2 | 7 days in 310 | Did not exist |
| Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1) | Zhao Wu Di (昭武帝 zhao1 wu3 di4) | Liu Cong|劉聰 liu2 cong1 | 310-318 | Guangxing (光興 guang1 xing1) 310-311 Jiaping (嘉平 jia1 ping2) 311-315 Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 315-316 Linjia (麟嘉 lin2 jia1) 316-318 |
| Did not exist | Yin Di (隱帝 yin3 di4) | Liu Can|劉粲 liu2 can4 | a month and days in 318 | Hanchang (漢昌 han4 chang1) 318 |
| Qian (Former) Zhao Empire 318-329 | ||||
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | Liu Yao|劉曜 liu2 yao4 | 318-329 | Guangchu (光初 guang1 chu1) 318-329 |
| Hou (Later) Zhao Empire 319 - 351 | ||||
| Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) | Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4) | Shi Le|石勒 shi2 le4 | 319-333 | Zhaowang (趙王 zhao4 wang2) 319-328 Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 328-330 Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 330-333 |
| Did not exist | Hai Yang Wang (海陽王 hai3 yang2 wang2) | Shi Hong|石弘 shi2 hong2 | 333-334 | Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 333 Yanxi (延熙 yan2 xi1) 334 |
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4) | Shi Hu|石虎 shi2 hu3 | 334-349 | Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 334-349 Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 349 |
| Did not exist | Qiao Wang (譙王 qiao2 wang2) | Shi Shi|石世 shi2 shi4 | 73 days in 349 | Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 73 days in 349 |
| Did not exist | Pang Cheng Wang (彭城王 pang2 cheng2 wang2) | Shi Zun|石遵 shi2 zun1 | 183 days in 349 | Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 183 days in 349 |
| Did not exist | Yi Yang Wang (義陽王 yi4 yang2 wang2) | Shi Jian|石鑒 shi2 jian4 | 103 days within 349-350 | Qinglong (青龍 qing1 long2) 103 days within 349-350 |
| Did not exist | Xin Xing Wang (新興王 xin1 xing1 wang2) | Shi Zhi|石祗 shi2 zhi1 | 350-351 | Yongning (永寧 yong3 ning2) 349-350 |
| Cheng Han Empire 303-347 AD(addressed separately in traditional texts as Cheng Empire and Han Empire) | ||||
| Cheng Empire 303-338 | ||||
| Shi Zu (始祖 shi3 zu3) or Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) | Jing Di (景帝 jing3 di4) | Li Te|李特 li3 te4 | 303 | Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) or Jingchu (景初 jing3 chu1) 303 |
| Did not exist | Qin Wen Wang (秦文王 qin2 wen2 wang2) | Li Liu|李流 li3 liu2 | several months in 303 | Did not exist |
| Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1) | Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4) | Li Xiong|李雄 li3 xiong2 | 303-334 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 303-305 Yanping (晏平 yan4 ping2) 305-311 Yuheng (玉衡 yu4 heng2) 311-334 |
| Did not exist | Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 si4) | Li Ban|李班 li3 ban1 | 7 months in 334 | Yuheng (玉衡 yu4 heng2) 7 months in 334 |
| Did not exist | You Gong (幽公 you1 gong1) | Li Qi|李期 li3 qi1 | 334-338 | Yuheng (玉恆 yu4 heng2) 334-338 |
| Han Empire 338-347 | ||||
| Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1) | Zhao Wen Di (昭文帝 zhao1 wen2 di4) | Li Shou|李壽 li3 shou4 | 338-343 | Hanxing (漢興 han4 xing1) 338-343 |
| Did not exist | Gui Yi Hou (歸義侯 gui1 yi4 hou2) | Li Shi|李勢 li3 shi4 | 343-347 | Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 343-346 Jianing (嘉寧 jia1 ning2) 346-347 |
| Qian (Former) Yan Empire 337-370 | ||||
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wen Ming Di (文明帝 wen2 ming2 di4) | Mu Rong Huang|慕容皝 mu4 rong2 huang3 | 337-348 | Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 337-348 |
| Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1) | Jing Zhao Di (景昭帝 jing3 zhao1 di4) | Mu Rong Jun|慕容俊 mu4 rong2 jun4 | 348-360 | Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 348-353 Yuanxi (元璽 yuan2 xi3) 353-357 Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 357 Guangshou (光壽 gunag1 shou4) 357-360 |
| Did not exist | You Di (幽帝 you1 di4) | Mu Rong Wei|慕容暐 mu4 rong2 wei3 | 360-370 | Jianxi (建熙 jian4 xi1) 360-365 Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 365-370 |
| Hou (Later) Yan Empire 384-407 | ||||
| Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) | Wu Cheng Di (武成帝 wu3 cheng2 di4) | Mu Rong Chui|慕容垂 mu4 rong2 chui2 | 384-396 | Yanyuan (燕王 yan4 wang2) 384-385 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 386-396 |
| Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1) | Hui Min Di (惠愍帝 hui4 min3 di4) | Mu Rong Bao|慕容寶 mu4 rong2 bao3 | 396-398 | Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 396-398 |
| Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1) | Zhao Wu Di (昭武帝 zhao1 wu3 di4) | Mu Rong Sheng|慕容盛 mu4 rong2 sheng4 | 398-401 | Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 398 Changluo (長樂 chang2 le4) 399-401 |
| Did not exist | Zhao Wen Di (昭文帝 zhao1 wen2 di4) | Mu Rong Xi|慕容熙 mu4 rong2 xi1 | 401-407 | Guangshi (光始 guang1 shi3) 401-406 Jianshi (建始 jian4 shi3) 407 |
| Nan (Southern) Yan Empire 398-410 | ||||
| Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1) | Xian Wu Di (獻武帝 xian4 wu3 di4) | Mu Rong De|慕容德 mu4 rong2 de2 | 398-405 | Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 398-400 Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 400-405 |
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | Mu Rong Chao|慕容超 mu4 rong2 chao1 | 405-410 | Taishang (太上 tai4 shang4) 405-410 |
| Bei (Northern) Yan Empire 407-436 | ||||
| Did not exist | Hui Yi Di (惠懿帝 hui4 yi4 di4) | Gao Yun|高雲 gao1 yun2 | 407-409 | Zhengshi (正始 zheng4 shi3) 407-409 |
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wen Cheng Di (文成帝 wen2 cheng2 di4) | Feng Ba|馮跋 feng2 ba2 | 409-430 | Taiping (太平 tai4 ping2) 409-430 |
| Did not exist | Zhao Cheng Di (昭成帝 zhao1 cheng2 di4) | Feng Hong|馮弘 feng2 hong2 | 430-436 | Daxing (大興 da4 xing1) 430-436 |
| Qian (Former) Liang Kingdom 320-376 | ||||
| Did not exist | Cheng Gong (成公 cheng2 gong1) | Zhang Mao|張茂 zhang1 mao4 | 320-324 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 320-324 |
| Did not exist | Zhong Cheng Gong (忠成公 zhong1 cheng2 gong1) | Zhang Jun|張駿 zhang1 jun4 | 324-346 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 324-346 |
| Did not exist | Huan Gong (桓公 huan2 gong1) | Zhang Chong Hua|張重華 zhang1 chong2 hua2 | 346-353 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 346-353 |
| Did not exist | Ai Gong (哀公 ai1 gong1) | Zhang Yao Ling|張曜靈 zhang1 yao4 ling2 | 3 months (the ninth to the twelfth month) in 353 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 353 |
| Did not exist | Wei Wang (威王 wei1 wang2) | Zhang Zuo|張祚 zhang1 zuo4 | 353-355 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 353-354 Heping (和平 he2 ping2) 354-355 |
| Did not exist | Jing Dao Gong (敬悼公 jing4 dao4 gong1) or Chong Gong (沖公 chong1 gong1) | Zhang Xuan Jing|張玄靖 zhang1 xuan2 jing4 | 355-363 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 355-361 Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 361-363 |
| Did not exist | Dao Gong (悼公 dao4 gong1) | Zhang Tian Xi|張天錫 zhang1 tian1 xi2 | 364-376 | Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 364-376 |
| Hou (Later) Liang Kingdom 386 AD - 403 AD | ||||
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Yi Wu Wang (懿武王 yi4 wu3 wang2) | Luu Guang|呂光 uu3 guang1 | 386-399 | Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 386-389 Lunjia (麟嘉 lun2 jia1) 389-396 Longfei (龍飛 long2 fei1) 396-399 |
| Did not exist | Yin Wang (隱王 yin3 wang2) | Luu Shao|呂紹 luu3 shao4 | 399 | Longfei (龍飛 long2 fei1) 399 |
| Did not exist | Ling Wang (靈王 ling2 wang2) | Luu Zuan|呂纂 luu3 zuan3 | 399-401 | Xianning (咸寧 xian2 ning2) 399-401 |
| Did not exist | Shang Shu Gong (尚書公 shang4 shu1 gong1) or Jiankang Gong (建康公 jian4 kang1 gong1) | Luu Long|呂隆 luu3 long2 | 401-403 | Shending (神鼎 shen2 ding3) 401-403 |
| Nan (Southern) Liang Kingdom 397 AD - 414 AD | ||||
| Lie Zu (烈祖 lie4 zu3) | Wu Wang (武王 wu3 wang2) | Tufa Wu Gu|禿髮烏孤 tu1 fa3 wu1 gu1 | 397-399 | Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 397-399 |
| Did not exist | Kang Wang (康王 kang1 wang2) | Tufa Li Lu Gu|禿髮利鹿孤 tu1 fa3 li4 lu4 gu1 | 399-402 | Jianhe (建和 jian4 he2) 399-402 |
| Did not exist | Jing Wang (景王 jing3 wang2) or Jing Wang (敬王 jing4 wang2) | Tufa Ru Tan|禿髮(人+辱)檀 tu1 fa3 li4 ru? tan2 | 402-414 | Hongchang (弘昌 hong2 chang1) 402-404 Jiaping (嘉平 jia1 ping2) 409-414 |
| Bei (Northern) Liang Kingdom 397-414 (as Kings of Gao Chang 442-460) | ||||
| Did not exist | Did not exist | Duan Ye|段業 duan4 ye4 | 397-401 | Shen Xi (神璽 shen2 xi3) 397-399 Tian Xi (天璽 tian1 xi3) 399-401 |
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wu Xuan Wang (武宣王 wu3 xuan1 wang2) | Ju Qu Meng Xun|沮渠蒙遜 ju3 qu2 meng2 xun4 | 401-433 | Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 401-412 Xuanshi (玄始 xuan2 shi3) 412-428 Chengxuan (承玄 cheng2 xuan2) 428-430 Yihe (義和 yi4 he2) 430-433 |
| Did not exist | Ai Wang (哀王 ai1 wang2) | Ju Qu Mu Jian|沮渠牧犍 ju3 qu2 mu4 jian1 | 433-439 | Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 433-439 |
| Did not exist | Did not exist | Ju Qu Wu Hui|沮渠無諱 ju3 qu2 wu2 hui4 | 442-444 | Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 442-443 Qianshou (乾壽 qian2 shou4) 443-444 |
| Did not exist | Did not exist | Ju Qu An Zhou|沮渠安周 ju3 qu2 an1 zhou1 | 444-460 | Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 444-460 |
| Xi (Western) Liang Kingdom 400-421 | ||||
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wu Zhao Wang (武昭王 wu3 zhao1 wang2) | Li Gao|李暠 li3 gao3 | 400-417 | Gengzi (庚子 geng1 zi5) 400-405 Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) 406-416 |
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | Li Xin|李歆 li3 xin1 | 417-420 | Jiaxing (嘉興 jia1 xing1) 417-420 |
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | Li Xun|李恂 li3 xun2 | 420-421 | Yongjian (永建 yong3 jian4) 420-421 |
| Qian Former Qin Empire 351 AD - 394 AD | ||||
| Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) | Jing Ming Di (景明帝 jing3 ming2 di4) | Fu Jian|苻健 fu2 jian4 | 351-355 | Huangshi (皇始 huang2 shi3) 351-355 |
| Did not exist | Li Wang (厲王 li4 wang2) | Fu Sheng|苻生 fu2 sheng1 | 355-357 | Shouguang (壽光 shou4 guang1) 355-357 |
| Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) | Xuan Zhao Di (宣昭帝 xuan1 zhao1 di4) | Fu Jian|苻堅 fu2 jian1 | 357-385 | Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 357-359 Ganlu (甘露 gan1 lu4) 359-364 Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 365-385 |
| Did not exist | Ai Ping Di (哀平帝 ai1 ping2 di4) | Fu Pi|苻丕 fu2 pi1 | 385-386 | Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 385-386 |
| Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1) | Gao Di (高帝 gao1 di4) | Fu Deng|苻登 fu2 deng1 | 386-394 | Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 385-394 |
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | Fu Chong|苻崇 fu2 chong2 | several months in 394 | Yanchu (延初 yan2 chu1) 394 |
| Hou (Later) Qin Empire 384 AD - 417 AD | ||||
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wu Zhao Di (武昭帝 wu3 zhao1 di4) | Yao Chang|姚萇 yao2 chang2 | 384-393 | Bai Que(白雀 bai2 que4) 384-386 Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) 386-393 |
| Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) | Wen Huan Di (文桓帝 wen2 huan2 di4) | Yao Xing|姚興 yao2 xing1 | 394-416 | Huangchu (皇初 huang2 chu1) 394-399 Hongshi (弘始 hong2 shi3) 399-416 |
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | Yao Hong|姚泓 yao2 hong2 | 416-417 | Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 416-417 |
| Xi (Western) Qin Kingdom 385-400,409-431 | ||||
| Lie Zu (烈祖 lie4 zu3) | Xuan Lie Wang (宣烈王 xuan1 lie4 wang2) | Qifu Guo Ren|乞伏國仁 qi3 fu2 guo2 ren2 | 385-388 | Jianyi (建義 jian4 yi4) 385-388 |
| Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) | Wu Yuan Wang (武元王 wu3 yuan2 wang2) | Qifu Gan Gui|乞伏乾歸 qi3 fu2 gan1 gui1 | 388-400,409-412 | Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 388-400 Gengshi (更始 geng4 shi3) 409-412 |
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wen Zhao Wang (文昭王 wen2 zhao1 wang2) | Qifu Chi Pan|乞伏熾磐 qi3 fu2 chi4 pan2 | 388-400,409-412 | Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 412-419 Jianhong (建弘 jian4 hong2) 420-428 |
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | Qifu Mu Mo|乞伏暮末 qi3 fu2 mu4 mo4 | 428-431 | Yonghong (永弘 yong3 hong2) 428-431 |
| Xia Empire 407-431 | ||||
| Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) | Wu Lie Di (武烈帝 wu3 lie4 di4) | Helian Bo Bo|赫連勃勃 he4 lian2 bo2 bo2 | 407-425 | Longsheng (龍升 long2 sheng1) 407-413 Fengxiang (鳳翔 feng4 xiang2) 413-418 Changwu (昌武 chang1 wu3) 418-419 Zhenxing (真興 chen1 xing1) 419-425 |
| Did not exist | Qin Wang (秦王 qin2 wang2) | Helian Chang|赫連昌 he4 lian2 chang1 | 425-428 | Chengguang (承光 cheng2 guang1) 425-428 |
| Did not exist | Ping Yuan Wang (平原王 ping2 yuan2 wang2) | Helian Ding|赫連定 he4 lian2 ding4 | 428-431 | Shengguang (勝光 sheng4 guang1) 425-428 |
| Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: use personal name | |||
| Ran Wei Kingdom 350-352 (addressed as Wei Kingdom in traditional texts) | |||
| Wu Dao Tian Wang (武道天王 wu3 dao4 tian1 wang2) | Ran Min|冉閔 ran3 min3 | 350-352 | Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 350-352 |
| Xi (Western) Yan Empire 384-394 | |||
| Wei Di (威帝 wei1 di4) | Mu Rong Hong|慕容泓 mu4 rong2 hong2 | 384 | Yanxing (燕興 yan4 xing1) 384 |
| Did not exist | Mu Rong Chong|慕容沖 mu4 rong2 chong1 | 384-386 | Yanxing (燕興 yan4 xing1) 384-385 Gengshi (更始 geng4 shi3) 385-386 |
| Did not exist | Duan Sui|段隨 duan4 sui2 | 386 | Changping (昌平 chang1 ping2) 386 |
| Did not exist | Mu Rong Tao|慕容韜 mu4 rong2 tao1 | 386 | Jianming (建明 jian4 ming2) 386 |
| Did not exist | Mu Rong Yao|慕容瑤 mu4 rong2 yao2 | 386 | Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 386 |
| Did not exist | Mu Rong Zhong|慕容忠 mu4 rong2 zhong1 | 386 | Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 386 |
| Did not exist | Mu Rong Yong|慕容永 mu4 rong2 yong3 | 386-394 | Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 386-394 |
| Shu Kingdom 405-413 | |||
| Cheng Du Wang (成都王 cheng2 du1 wang2) | Qiao Zong|譙縱 qiao2 zong4 | 405-413 | Did not exist |
| Chieftains of Tiefu Tribe ( mid-3rd century-391 ) | |||
| Did not exist | Liu Qu Bei|劉去卑 liu2 qu4 bei1 | mid 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Liu Gao Sheng Yuan|劉誥升爰 liu2 gao4 sheng1 yuan2 | mid 3rd century - late 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Liu Hu|劉虎 liu2 hu3 | early 4th century (309?) - 341 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Liu Wu Heng|劉務恒 liu2 wu4 heng2 | 341-356 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Liu E Lou Tou|劉閼陋頭 liu2 e4 lou4 tou2 | 356-358 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Liu Xi Wu Qi|劉悉勿祈 liu2 xi1 wu4 qi2 | 358-359 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Liu Wei Chen|劉衛辰 liu2 wei4 chen2 | 359-391 | Did not exist |
| Chieftains of Yuwen Tribe ( late-3rd century-345 ) | |||
| Did not exist | Yuwen Mo Huai|宇文莫槐 yu3 wen2 mo4 huai2 | late 3rd century-293 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yuwen Pu Hui|宇文普回 yu3 wen2 pu3 hui2 or Yuwen Pu Bo|宇文普撥 yu3 wen2 pu3 bo1 | 293-late 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yuwen Qiu Bu Quan|宇文丘不勤 yu3 wen2 qiu1 bu4 qin2 | late 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yuwen Mo Gui|宇文莫圭 yu3 wen2 mo4 gui1 | late 3rd century (299?)- early 4th century (302?) | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yuwen Xi Du Guan|宇文悉獨官 yu3 wen2 xi1 du2 guan1 | early 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yuwen Qi De Gui|宇文乞得歸 yu3 wen2 qi3 de5 gui1 | early 3rd century - 333 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yuwen Yi Dou Gui|宇文逸豆歸 yu3 wen2 yi4 dou4 gui1 | 333-345 | Did not exist |
| Dukes of Liaoxi 303-338 | |||
| Did not exist | Duan Wu Wu Chen|段務勿塵 duan4 wu4 wu4 chen2 | 303-310 or 311 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Duan Ji Lu Quan|段疾陸眷 duan4 ji2 lu4 juan4 | 310 or 311 - 318 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Duan She Fu Chen|段涉復辰 duan4 she4 fu4 chen2 | 318 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Duan Pi Di|段匹磾 duan4 pi3 di1 | 318-321 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Duan Mo Pei|段末柸 duan4 mo4 pei1 | 318-325 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Duan Ya|段牙 duan4 ya2 | 325 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Duan Liao|段遼 duan4 liao2 | 326-338 | Did not exist |
| Chieftains, Dukes and Kings of Chouchi, Wuxing and Yinping (late 2nd century- mid 6th century (555?) ) | |||
| First Phase of Chouchi (late 2nd century-371) | |||
| Did not exist | Yang Teng|楊騰 yang2 teng2 | late 2nd century- early 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Ju|楊駒 yang2 ju1 | early 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Qian Wan|楊千萬 yang2 qian1 wan4 | early 3rd century - mid 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Fei Long|楊飛龍 yang2 fei1 long2 | mid 3rd century - late 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Mao Sou|楊茂搜 yang2 mao4 sou1 | late 3rd century - 317 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Nan Di|楊難敵 yang2 nan2 di2 | 317-334 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Yi|楊毅 yang2 yi4 | 334-337 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Chu|楊初 yang2 chu1 | 337-355 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Guo|楊國 yang2 guo2 | 355-356 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Jun|楊俊 yang2 jun4 | 356-360 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Shi|楊世 yang2 shi4 | 360-370 | |