Politics of Andorra : Andorra/Government

Government

Until very recently, Andorra's political system had no clear division of powers into executive, legislative, and judicial branches. A constitution was ratified and approved in 1993. The constitution establishes Andorra as a sovereign parliamentary democracy that retains as its heads of state a co-principality.

The fundamental impetus for this political transformation was a recommendation by the Council of Europe in 1990 that, if Andorra wished to attain full integration in the European Union (EU), it should adopt a modern constitution which guarantees the rights of those living and working there. A Tripartite Commission--made up of representatives of the co-princes, the General Council, and the Executive Council--was formed in 1990 and finalized the draft constitution in April 1991.

Under the new 1993 constitution, the co-princes continue as heads of state, but the head of government retains executive power. The two co-princes serve coequally with limited powers that do not include veto over government acts. They are represented in Andorra by a delegate. As co-princes of Andorra, the President of France and the Bishop of La Seu d'Urgell maintain supreme authority in approval of all international treaties with France and Spain, as well as all those which deal with internal security, defense, Andorran territory, diplomatic representation, and judicial or penal cooperation. Although the institution of the co-princes is viewed by some as an anachronism, the majority sees them as both a link with Andorra's traditions and a way to balance the power of Andorra's two much larger neighbors.

Andorra's main legislative body is the 28-member General Council (Parliament). The sindic (president), the subsindic and the members of the Council are elected in the general elections to be held every 4 years. The Council meets throughout the year on certain dates set by tradition or as required.

At least one representative from each parish must be present for the General Council to meet. Historically, within the General Council, four deputies apiece from each of the seven individual parishes have provided representation. This system allowed the smaller parishes, who have as few as 350 voters, the same number of representatives as larger parishes which have up to 2,600 voters. To correct this imbalance, a provision in the new constitution introduces a modification of the structure and format for electing the members of the Council; under this new format, half of the representatives are to be chosen by the traditional system, while the other half are selected from nationwide lists.

A sindic and a subsindic are chosen by the General Council to implement its decisions. They serve 3-year terms and may be reappointed once. They receive an annual salary. Sindics have virtually no discretionary powers, and all policy decisions must be approved by the Council as a whole. In 1981, the Executive Council, consisting of the head of government and seven ministers, was established. Every 4 years, after the general elections, the General Council elects the head of government, who, in turn, chooses the other members of the Executive Council.

The judicial system is independent. Courts apply the customary laws of Andorra, supplemented with Roman law and customary Catalan law. Civil cases are first heard by the batlles court--a group of four judges, two chosen by each co-prince. Appeals are heard in the Court of Appeals. The highest body is the five-member Superior Council of Justice.

Andorra has no defense forces and only a small internal police force. All able-bodied men who own firearms must serve, without remuneration, in the small army, which is unique in that all of its men are treated as officers. The army has not fought for more than 700 years, and its main responsibility is to present the Andorran flag at official ceremonies.

Political conditions
Andorra's young democracy is in the process of redefining its political party system. Three out of the five parties that dominated the political scene in past years have dissolved. The Liberal Union or UL, (current head of government Forn's party) is trying to reshape itself and change its name to that of the Andorran Liberal Party (PLA), thus offering a political umbrella to small parties and groups that have not yet found their place. Another party by the name of the Social Democratic Party has been formed and is designed to attract parties previously aligned with socialist ideals. Given the number of parties and Andorra's relative size, no one party controls the General Council; therefore, legislative majorities arise through coalitions. Since the 1993 constitutional ratification, three coalition governments have formed. The current government unites the UL, the CNA (National Andorran Coalition), and another relatively small party with Marc Forn Moln, a Liberal Unionist, as Cap de Govern, or head of government.

The government has continued to address many long-awaited reforms. In addition to legalizing political parties and trade unions for the first time, freedom of religion and assembly also have been legally guaranteed. Most significant has been a redefinition of the qualifications for Andorran citizenship, a major issue in a country where only 13,000 of 65,000 are legal citizens. In 1995, a law to broaden citizenship was passed but citizenship remains hard to acquire, with only Andorran nationals being able to transmit citizenship automatically to their children. Lawful residents in Andorra may obtain citizenship after 25 years of residency. Children of residents may opt for Andorran citizenship after age 18 if they resided virtually all of their lives in Andorra. Mere birth on Andorran soil doesn't confer citizenship. Dual nationality isn't permitted. Noncitizens are allowed to own only a 33% share of a company. Only after they have resided in the country for 20 years, will they be entitled to own a 100% of a company. A proposed law to reduce the necessary years from 20 to 10 is being debated in Parliament.

By creating a modern legal framework for the country, the 1993 constitution has allowed Andorra to begin a shift from an economy based largely on duty-free shopping to one based on international banking and finance. Despite promising new changes, it is likely that Andorra will, at least for the short term, continue to confront a number of difficult issues arising from the large influx of foreign residents and the need to develop modern social and political institutions. In addition to questions of Andorran nationality and immigration policy, other priority issues will include allowing freedom of association, dealing with housing scarcities and speculation in real state, developing the tourist industry and renegotiating the relationship with the European Union.

Principal Government Officials
Co-Prince--Jacques Chirac, President of France
Co-Prince--Juan Marti Alanis, Bishop of La Seu d'Urgell, Spain
Head of Government--Marc Forn
Sindic General--Francesc Areny

Ambassador to the United States--Juli F. Minoves Triquell

Country name:
conventional long form: Principality of Andorra
conventional short form: Andorra
local long form: Principat d'Andorra
local short form: Andorra

Data code: AN

Government type: parliamentary democracy (since March 1993) that retains as its heads of state a coprincipality; the two princes are the president of France and bishop of La Seu d'Urgell, Spain, who are represented locally by coprinces' representatives

Capital: Andorra la Vella

Administrative divisions: 7 parishes (parroquies, singular - parroquia); Andorra la Vella, Canillo, Encamp, La Massana, Escaldes-Engordany, Ordino, Sant Julia de Loria

Independence: 1278 (was formed under the joint suzerainty of France and Spain)

National holiday: Mare de Deu de Meritxell, 8 September (1278)

Constitution: Andorra's first written constitution was drafted in 1991; approved by referendum 14 March 1993; came into force 4 May 1993

Legal system: based on French and Spanish civil codes; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: French Coprince Jacques Chirac (since 17 May 1995), represented by Mr. Frederic de Saint-Sernin (since NA); Spanish Coprince Episcopal Monseigneur Joan Marti Alanis (since 31 January 1971), represented by Mr. Nemesi Marques Oste (since NA)
head of government: Executive Council President Marc Forne Molne (since 21 December 1994)
cabinet: Executive Council or Govern designated by the Executive Council president
elections: Executive Council president elected by the General Council and formally appointed by the coprinces for a four-year term; election last held 16 February 1997 (next to be held NA 2001)
election results: Marc FORNE Molne elected executive council president; percent of General Council vote - 64%

Legislative branch: unicameral General Council of the Valleys or Consell General de les Valls (28 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote, 14 from a single national constituency and 14 to represent each of the 7 parishes; members serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 16 February 1997 (next to be held NA February 2001)
election results: percent of vote by party - UL 57%, AND 21%, IDN 7%, ND 7%, other 8%; seats by party - UL 16, AND 6, ND 2, IDN 2, UPO 2

Judicial branch: Tribunal of Judges or Tribunal de Batlles; Tribunal of the Courts or Tribunal de Corts; Supreme Court of Justice of Andorra or Tribunal Superior de Justicia d'Andorra; Supreme Council of Justice or Consell Superior de la Justicia; Fiscal Ministry or Ministeri Fiscal; Constitutional Tribunal or Tribunal Constitucional

Political parties and leaders: Liberal Party of Andorra (Partit Liberal d'Andorra) or PLA [Marc Forne]; Liberal Union or UL [Francesc Cerqueda]; National Democratic Group or AND [Ladislau Baro Sola]; National Democratic Initiative or IDN [Vincenc Mateu Zamora]; New Democracy or ND [Jaume Bartomeu Cassany]; Unio Parroquial d'Ordino or UPO [Simo Duro Coma]
note: there are two other small parties

International organization participation: CCC, CE, ECE, ICC, ICRM, IFRCS, Interpol, IOC, ITU, OSCE, UN, UNESCO, WHO, WIPO, WToO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Juli Minoves-Triquell (also Permanent Representative to the UN)
chancery: 2 United Nations Plaza, 25th Floor, New York, NY 10017
telephone: [1] (212) 750-8064
FAX: [1] (212) 750-6630

Diplomatic representation from the US: the US doesn't have an embassy in Andorra; the US Ambassador to Spain is accredited to Andorra; US interests in Andorra are represented by the Consulate General's office in Barcelona (Spain); mailing address: Passeig Reina Elisenda, 23, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; telephone: (3493) 280-2227; FAX: (3493) 205-7705

Flag description: three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red with the national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; the coat of arms features a quartered shield; similar to the flags of Chad and Romania, which do not have a national coat of arms in the center, and the flag of Moldova, which does bear a national emblem

Reference

Much of the material in this article comes from the CIA World Factbook 2000 and the 2003 U.S. Department of State website.

See also : Andorra

Common misspelling and questions (FAQ)

ndorra---government  adorra---government  anorra---government  andrra---government  andora---government  andora---government  andorr---government  andorra--government  andorra--government  andorra--government  andorra---overnment  andorra---gvernment  andorra---goernment  andorra---govrnment  andorra---govenment  andorra---goverment  andorra---governent  andorra---governmnt  andorra---governmet  andorra---governmen  nadorra---government  adnorra---government  anodrra---government  androra---government  andorra---government  andorar---government  andorr-a--government  andorra---government  andorra---government  andorra--g-overnment  andorra---ogvernment  andorra---gvoernment  andorra---goevrnment  andorra---govrenment  andorra---govenrment  andorra---govermnent  andorra---governemnt  andorra---governmnet  andorra---governmetn  andorra---governmen  aandorra---government  anndorra---government  anddorra---government  andoorra---government  andorrra---government  andorrra---government  andorraa---government  andorra----government  andorra----government  andorra----government  andorra---ggovernment  andorra---goovernment  andorra---govvernment  andorra---goveernment  andorra---goverrnment  andorra---governnment  andorra---governmment  andorra---governmeent  andorra---governmennt  andorra---governmentt  qndorra---government  wndorra---government  zndorra---government  wndorra---government  sndorra---government  zndorra---government  ahdorra---government  abdorra---government  ajdorra---government  ajdorra---government  amdorra---government  aneorra---government  ansorra---government  anxorra---government  anrorra---government  ancorra---government  anrorra---government  anforra---government  ancorra---government  and9rra---government  andirra---government  andkrra---government  and0rra---government  andlrra---government  and0rra---government  andprra---government  andlrra---government  ando4ra---government  andoera---government  andodra---government  ando5ra---government  andofra---government  ando5ra---government  andotra---government  andofra---government  andor4a---government  andorea---government  andorda---government  andor5a---government  andorfa---government  andor5a---government  andorta---government  andorfa---government  andorrq---government  andorrw---government  andorrz---government  andorrw---government  andorrs---government  andorrz---government  andorra0--government  andorrap--government  andorra[--government  andorra-0-government  andorra-p-government  andorra-[-government  andorra--0government  andorra--pgovernment  andorra--[government  andorra---tovernment  andorra---fovernment  andorra---vovernment  andorra---yovernment  andorra---bovernment  andorra---yovernment  andorra---hovernment  andorra---bovernment  andorra---g9vernment  andorra---givernment  andorra---gkvernment  andorra---g0vernment  andorra---glvernment  andorra---g0vernment  andorra---gpvernment  andorra---glvernment  andorra---gofernment  andorra---gocernment  andorra---gogernment  andorra---gogernment  andorra---gobernment  andorra---gov3rnment  andorra---govwrnment  andorra---govsrnment  andorra---gov4rnment  andorra---govdrnment  andorra---gov4rnment  andorra---govrrnment  andorra---govdrnment  andorra---gove4nment  andorra---goveenment  andorra---govednment  andorra---gove5nment  andorra---govefnment  andorra---gove5nment  andorra---govetnment  andorra---govefnment  andorra---goverhment  andorra---goverbment  andorra---goverjment  andorra---goverjment  andorra---govermment  andorra---governjent  andorra---governnent  andorra---governkent  andorra---governkent  andorra---govern,ent  andorra---governm3nt  andorra---governmwnt  andorra---governmsnt  andorra---governm4nt  andorra---governmdnt  andorra---governm4nt  andorra---governmrnt  andorra---governmdnt  andorra---governmeht  andorra---governmebt  andorra---governmejt  andorra---governmejt  andorra---governmemt  andorra---governmen5  andorra---governmenr  andorra---governmenf  andorra---governmen6  andorra---governmeng  andorra---governmen6  andorra---governmeny  andorra---governmeng  andorra---governmeny  andorra---governmenty  andorra---governments 


I have written during the last week, four rehearsals which will be looked after by my friend and collaborator, first part from being a horrible bungle. One needs to see the armed with humor and inner zest for the study of human nature in the rage about. But I don't rage any more, I laugh; I know too much of stories about it when we meet. However, as I am an optimist just the same, I look at the good side everything is good in this world. Poor Thuillier has not sparkling health; but she hopes to carry the cruelly poor. I told you in my lost letter that Sylvanie [Footnote: beautiful than ever and quite well again after a terrible illness. Would you believe that I have not seen Sainte-Beuve? That I have had just that. I have not heard anyone whatsoever talked about outside everything and to go to surprise you for a couple of hours; but I I shall beg you to spend twenty-four hours here for me. Will you do with all my heart, and your mother too. I am happy that she is.